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June 8, 2020
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October 21, 2020
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January 2, 2021
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Abstract
Penelitian bertujuan untuk: 1) mengetahui konsentrasi tepung jagung yang tepat untuk medium cair Trichoderma harzianum T10, 2) mengetahui pengaruh aplikasi T. harzianum T10 dalam berbagai konsentrasi medium cair tepung jagung terhadap penekanan penyakit rebah semai dan pertumbuhan bibit mentimun. Penelitian dilaksanakan di Laboratorium Perlindungan Tanaman dan di lahan Fakultas Pertanian, Universitas Jenderal Soedirman pada bulan September 2017 sampai Januari 2018. Pengujian in vitro menggunakan Rancangan Acak Lengkap dengan lima perlakuan dan lima ulangan, meliputi perlakuan formula cair medium Potato Dextrose Broth (PDB), formula cair tepung jagung konsentrasi 5, 10, 15 dan 20 g/L. Pengujian in planta menggunakan Rancangan Acak Kelompok dengan 6 perlakuan dan 5 ulangan, membandingkan kontrol dengan tanaman yang diberi perlakuan T. harzianum T10 pada masing-masing formula cair konsentrasi tepung jagung. Variabel yang diamati meliputi kepadatan konidium, masa inkubasi, kejadian penyakit, area under disease progress curve (AUDPC), potensi tumbuh maksimum, daya kecambah, tinggi tanaman, panjang akar, bobot segar akar dan bobot segar tajuk. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa kepadatan konidium T. harzianum T10 tertinggi pada formula medium cair tepung jagung konsentrasi 20 g/L sebesar 3,67x106 konidium/mL, tetapi belum mampu menyamai medium PDB. Aplikasi T. harzianum T10 yang efektif menekan penyakit rebah semai adalah perlakuan T. harzianum T10 dalam formula cair tepung jagung konsentrasi 15 g/L, yaitu mampu menekan kejadian penyakit 71,43% dan menunda masa inkubasi 35,83%. Aplikasi T. harzianum T10 selain konsentrasi 15 g/L belum berpengaruh terhadap variabel yang diamati dan diukur.
Keywords
Mentimun
Metabolit Sekunder
T. harzianum T10
Pythium sp.
Tepung Jagung
Article Details
How to Cite
Ningtias, W., Mugiastuti, E., Rahayuniati, R. F., & Soesanto, L. (2021). PENGGUNAAN FORMULA CAIR Trichoderma harzianum T10 BERBAHAN TEPUNG JAGUNG TERHADAP REBAH SEMAI (Pythium sp.) BIBIT MENTIMUN. JURNAL AGRONIDA, 6(2). https://doi.org/10.30997/jag.v6i2.2823
References
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Aini N. 2013. Teknologi Fermentasi pada Tepung Jagung. Graha Ilmu. Yogyakarta. 8-9 pp.
Akagi A, Jiang C, Takatsuji H. 2015. Magnaporthe oryzae inoculation of rice seedlings by spraying with a spore suspension. Bio-protocol 5(11): e1486. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.1486.
Al-Zaidi AA, Elhag EA, Al-Otaibi SH, Baig MB. 2011. Negative effects of pesticides on the environment and the farmers awareness in Saudi Arabia: A case study. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 21(3): 605–611.
Borin GP, Camila Cristina Sanchez CC, de Souza AP, de Santana ES, de Souza AT, Leme AFP, Squina FM, Buckeridge M, Goldman GH, de Castro Oliveira JV. 2015. Comparative secretome analysis of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger during growth on sugarcane biomass. PLoS ONE 10(6):129-175.
Byrd AL, Segre JA. 2016. Adapting Koch's postulates. Science 351(6270): 224-226. DOI: 10.1126/science.aad6753.
Ekowati N, Sucianto ET, Muljowati JS, Dewi R. 2009. Uji aktivitas antibiosis beberapa isolat Gliocladium dan Trichoderma terhadap mikrob patogen dengan pH awal fermentasi yang berbeda. Jurnal Inovasi 3(2): 69–77.
Fefiani Y, Barus WA. 2014. Respon pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) akibat pemberian pupuk kandang sapi dan pupuk organik padat supernasa. Jurnal Agrium 19(1):
Finch-Savage WE, Bassel GW. 2016. Seed vigour and crop establishment: extending performance beyond adaptation. Journal of Experimental Botany 67(3): 567–591.
Ghazanfar MU, Raza M, Raza W, Qamar MI. 2018. Trichoderma as potential biocontrol agent, its exploitation in agriculture: A review. Plant Protection, 02(03): 109-135.
Gusnawaty HS, Taufik M, Syair, Esmin. 2014. Efektifitas Trichoderma indigenus hasil perbanyakan pada berbagai media dalam mengendalikan penyakit layu Fusarium dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan serta produksi tanaman tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum). Jurnal Agriplus 24 (2):99-110.
Han JS, Cheng JH, Yoon TM, Song J, Rajkarnikar A, Kim WG, Yoo ID, Yang YY, Suh JW. 2012. Biological control agent of common scab disease by antagonistic strain Bacillus sp. sunhua. Journal of Applied Microbiology 99:213–221.
Hardianti AR, Rahayu YS, Asri MT. 2014. Efektivitas waktupemberian Trichoderma harzianum dalam mengatasi serangan layu Fusarium pada tanaman tomat varietas Ratna. Jurnal LenteraBio 3(1):21-25.
Heydari A, Pessarakli M. 2010. A review on biological control of fungal plant pathogens using microbial antagonists. Journal of Biological Sciences 10(4): 273-290.
HinaSaeed, AW. 2017. A review on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus). International Journal of Technical Research & Science 2(vi): 402–405.
Hockberger P. 2000. The discovery of the damaging effect of sunlight on bacteria. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology 58(2-3): 185-191.
Jansch S, Frampton GK, Rombke J, Brink PJVD, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. 2006. Effects of pesticides on soil inverterbrates in model ecosystem and field studies: a review and comparison with laboratory toxicity data. Environmental Toxhicology and Chemistry 25:2490-2501.
Jeger MJ, Viljanen-Rollinson SLH. 2001. The use of the area under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC) to assess quantitative disease resistance in crop cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 102(1): 32–40.
Lahre SK, Khare N, Lakpale N, Chaliganjewar SD. 2012. Efficacy of bio-agents and organic amendments against Sclerotium rolfsii in chickpea. Journal of Plant Disease Sciences 7 (1): 32-34.
Ling ASC, Kamil MJA, Chong KP, Ho CM. 2017. Assessing the cocoa genotypes for resistance to black pod using the area under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 23(6): 972–997.
Manurung EM, Tobing MC, Lubis L, Priwiratama H. 2012. Efikasi beberapa formulasi Metarhizium anisopliae terhadap larva Oryctes rhinoceros L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) di insektarium. Jurnal Online Agrooekoteknologi 1(1): 47-63.
Mishra PK, Khan FN. 2015. Effect of different growth media and physical factors on biomass production of Trichoderma viride. People’s Journal of Scientific Research 8(2):11-16.
Moiwend KY, Aiyen, Madauna IS. 2015. Uji viabilitas benih ketimun (Cucumis sativus L.) hasil perlakuan penyerbukan berbagai serangga. E-Jurnal Agroteknis 3(2):178-186.
Munir S, Jamal Q, Bano K, Sherwani SK, Bokhari TZ, Khan TA, Khan RA, Jabbar A, Anees M. 2013. Biocontrol ability of Trichoderma. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 6(18):1246-1252.
Murtiningsih, Suyanti. 2011. Membuat Tepung Umbi dan Variasi Olahannya. PT. AgroMedia Pustaka. Jakarta Selatan. 06 pp.
Muturi EJ, Donthu RK, Fields CJ, Moise IK, Kim C-H. 2017. Effect of pesticides on microbial communities in container aquatic habitats. Sci Rep. 7:44565.
Noordzij M, Dekker FW, Zoccali C, Jager KJ. 2010. Measures of disease frequency: Prevalence and incidence. Nephron Clin Pract 115: c17–c.
Panahian G, Rahnama K, Jafari M. 2012. Mass production of Trichoderma spp. and application. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 3 (2): 292–298.
Patil AD, Rathore MS. 2018. Isolation of pythium species from damping off affected onion rhizospheric soil, using baiting technique. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(4):12-13.
Saha A, Mandala P, Dasgupta S, Saha D. 2008. Influence of culture media and environmrntal factors on mycelial growth and sporulation of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Maubl. Journal of Environmental Biology 29(3):407-410.
Salman M, Abuamsha R, Barghouti S. 2013. Interaction of Fluorescent Pseudomonads with Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani in Cucumber Roots. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3(1): 240–251.
Shofiyani A, Budi GP. 2014. Development of Fusarim disease control technology with biological agent in Mas cultivar banana in land infected. AGRITECH 16 (2): 157-173.
Suarni dan Firmansyah I.U. 2005. Beras Jagung; Prosessing dan Kandungan Nutrisi Sebagai Bahan Pangan Pokok. Prosiding Seminar dan Lokakarya Nasional. 393-398.
Suryanti IAP, Ramona Y, Proborini MW. 2013. Isolasi dan indentifikasi jamur penyebab penyakit layu dan antagonisnya pada tanaman kentang yang dibudidayakan di Bedugul, Bali. Jurnal Biologi (2): 37-44.
Sutton JC, Sopher CR, Owen-Going TN, Liu W, Grodzinski B, Hall JC, Benchimol RL. 2006. Etiology and epidemiology of Pythium root rot in hydroponic crops: current knowledge and perspectives. Summa Phytopathologica, 32(4): 307–321.
Tran NH. 2010. Using Trichoderma sp. for biological control of plant pathogens in Vietnam. Journal ISSAAS 16 (1):17-21.
Vinale F, Sivasithamparam K, Ghisalberti EL, Woo SL, Nigro M, Marra R, Lombardi N, Pascale A, Ruocco M, Lanzuise S, Manganiello G, Lorito M. 2014. Trichoderma secondary metabolites active on plants and fungal pathogens. The Open Mycology Journal 8(1):127–139.
Waruwu AAS, Soekarno BPW, Munif A. 2016. Metabolit cendawan endofit tanaman padi sebagai alternatif pengendalian cendawan patogen terbawa benih padi. Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia 12(2):53-61.
References
Aini N. 2013. Teknologi Fermentasi pada Tepung Jagung. Graha Ilmu. Yogyakarta. 8-9 pp.
Akagi A, Jiang C, Takatsuji H. 2015. Magnaporthe oryzae inoculation of rice seedlings by spraying with a spore suspension. Bio-protocol 5(11): e1486. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.1486.
Al-Zaidi AA, Elhag EA, Al-Otaibi SH, Baig MB. 2011. Negative effects of pesticides on the environment and the farmers awareness in Saudi Arabia: A case study. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 21(3): 605–611.
Borin GP, Camila Cristina Sanchez CC, de Souza AP, de Santana ES, de Souza AT, Leme AFP, Squina FM, Buckeridge M, Goldman GH, de Castro Oliveira JV. 2015. Comparative secretome analysis of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger during growth on sugarcane biomass. PLoS ONE 10(6):129-175.
Byrd AL, Segre JA. 2016. Adapting Koch's postulates. Science 351(6270): 224-226. DOI: 10.1126/science.aad6753.
Ekowati N, Sucianto ET, Muljowati JS, Dewi R. 2009. Uji aktivitas antibiosis beberapa isolat Gliocladium dan Trichoderma terhadap mikrob patogen dengan pH awal fermentasi yang berbeda. Jurnal Inovasi 3(2): 69–77.
Fefiani Y, Barus WA. 2014. Respon pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) akibat pemberian pupuk kandang sapi dan pupuk organik padat supernasa. Jurnal Agrium 19(1):
Finch-Savage WE, Bassel GW. 2016. Seed vigour and crop establishment: extending performance beyond adaptation. Journal of Experimental Botany 67(3): 567–591.
Ghazanfar MU, Raza M, Raza W, Qamar MI. 2018. Trichoderma as potential biocontrol agent, its exploitation in agriculture: A review. Plant Protection, 02(03): 109-135.
Gusnawaty HS, Taufik M, Syair, Esmin. 2014. Efektifitas Trichoderma indigenus hasil perbanyakan pada berbagai media dalam mengendalikan penyakit layu Fusarium dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan serta produksi tanaman tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum). Jurnal Agriplus 24 (2):99-110.
Han JS, Cheng JH, Yoon TM, Song J, Rajkarnikar A, Kim WG, Yoo ID, Yang YY, Suh JW. 2012. Biological control agent of common scab disease by antagonistic strain Bacillus sp. sunhua. Journal of Applied Microbiology 99:213–221.
Hardianti AR, Rahayu YS, Asri MT. 2014. Efektivitas waktupemberian Trichoderma harzianum dalam mengatasi serangan layu Fusarium pada tanaman tomat varietas Ratna. Jurnal LenteraBio 3(1):21-25.
Heydari A, Pessarakli M. 2010. A review on biological control of fungal plant pathogens using microbial antagonists. Journal of Biological Sciences 10(4): 273-290.
HinaSaeed, AW. 2017. A review on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus). International Journal of Technical Research & Science 2(vi): 402–405.
Hockberger P. 2000. The discovery of the damaging effect of sunlight on bacteria. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology 58(2-3): 185-191.
Jansch S, Frampton GK, Rombke J, Brink PJVD, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. 2006. Effects of pesticides on soil inverterbrates in model ecosystem and field studies: a review and comparison with laboratory toxicity data. Environmental Toxhicology and Chemistry 25:2490-2501.
Jeger MJ, Viljanen-Rollinson SLH. 2001. The use of the area under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC) to assess quantitative disease resistance in crop cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 102(1): 32–40.
Lahre SK, Khare N, Lakpale N, Chaliganjewar SD. 2012. Efficacy of bio-agents and organic amendments against Sclerotium rolfsii in chickpea. Journal of Plant Disease Sciences 7 (1): 32-34.
Ling ASC, Kamil MJA, Chong KP, Ho CM. 2017. Assessing the cocoa genotypes for resistance to black pod using the area under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 23(6): 972–997.
Manurung EM, Tobing MC, Lubis L, Priwiratama H. 2012. Efikasi beberapa formulasi Metarhizium anisopliae terhadap larva Oryctes rhinoceros L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) di insektarium. Jurnal Online Agrooekoteknologi 1(1): 47-63.
Mishra PK, Khan FN. 2015. Effect of different growth media and physical factors on biomass production of Trichoderma viride. People’s Journal of Scientific Research 8(2):11-16.
Moiwend KY, Aiyen, Madauna IS. 2015. Uji viabilitas benih ketimun (Cucumis sativus L.) hasil perlakuan penyerbukan berbagai serangga. E-Jurnal Agroteknis 3(2):178-186.
Munir S, Jamal Q, Bano K, Sherwani SK, Bokhari TZ, Khan TA, Khan RA, Jabbar A, Anees M. 2013. Biocontrol ability of Trichoderma. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 6(18):1246-1252.
Murtiningsih, Suyanti. 2011. Membuat Tepung Umbi dan Variasi Olahannya. PT. AgroMedia Pustaka. Jakarta Selatan. 06 pp.
Muturi EJ, Donthu RK, Fields CJ, Moise IK, Kim C-H. 2017. Effect of pesticides on microbial communities in container aquatic habitats. Sci Rep. 7:44565.
Noordzij M, Dekker FW, Zoccali C, Jager KJ. 2010. Measures of disease frequency: Prevalence and incidence. Nephron Clin Pract 115: c17–c.
Panahian G, Rahnama K, Jafari M. 2012. Mass production of Trichoderma spp. and application. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 3 (2): 292–298.
Patil AD, Rathore MS. 2018. Isolation of pythium species from damping off affected onion rhizospheric soil, using baiting technique. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(4):12-13.
Saha A, Mandala P, Dasgupta S, Saha D. 2008. Influence of culture media and environmrntal factors on mycelial growth and sporulation of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Maubl. Journal of Environmental Biology 29(3):407-410.
Salman M, Abuamsha R, Barghouti S. 2013. Interaction of Fluorescent Pseudomonads with Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani in Cucumber Roots. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3(1): 240–251.
Shofiyani A, Budi GP. 2014. Development of Fusarim disease control technology with biological agent in Mas cultivar banana in land infected. AGRITECH 16 (2): 157-173.
Suarni dan Firmansyah I.U. 2005. Beras Jagung; Prosessing dan Kandungan Nutrisi Sebagai Bahan Pangan Pokok. Prosiding Seminar dan Lokakarya Nasional. 393-398.
Suryanti IAP, Ramona Y, Proborini MW. 2013. Isolasi dan indentifikasi jamur penyebab penyakit layu dan antagonisnya pada tanaman kentang yang dibudidayakan di Bedugul, Bali. Jurnal Biologi (2): 37-44.
Sutton JC, Sopher CR, Owen-Going TN, Liu W, Grodzinski B, Hall JC, Benchimol RL. 2006. Etiology and epidemiology of Pythium root rot in hydroponic crops: current knowledge and perspectives. Summa Phytopathologica, 32(4): 307–321.
Tran NH. 2010. Using Trichoderma sp. for biological control of plant pathogens in Vietnam. Journal ISSAAS 16 (1):17-21.
Vinale F, Sivasithamparam K, Ghisalberti EL, Woo SL, Nigro M, Marra R, Lombardi N, Pascale A, Ruocco M, Lanzuise S, Manganiello G, Lorito M. 2014. Trichoderma secondary metabolites active on plants and fungal pathogens. The Open Mycology Journal 8(1):127–139.
Waruwu AAS, Soekarno BPW, Munif A. 2016. Metabolit cendawan endofit tanaman padi sebagai alternatif pengendalian cendawan patogen terbawa benih padi. Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia 12(2):53-61.
Akagi A, Jiang C, Takatsuji H. 2015. Magnaporthe oryzae inoculation of rice seedlings by spraying with a spore suspension. Bio-protocol 5(11): e1486. DOI: 10.21769/BioProtoc.1486.
Al-Zaidi AA, Elhag EA, Al-Otaibi SH, Baig MB. 2011. Negative effects of pesticides on the environment and the farmers awareness in Saudi Arabia: A case study. Journal of Animal and Plant Sciences, 21(3): 605–611.
Borin GP, Camila Cristina Sanchez CC, de Souza AP, de Santana ES, de Souza AT, Leme AFP, Squina FM, Buckeridge M, Goldman GH, de Castro Oliveira JV. 2015. Comparative secretome analysis of Trichoderma reesei and Aspergillus niger during growth on sugarcane biomass. PLoS ONE 10(6):129-175.
Byrd AL, Segre JA. 2016. Adapting Koch's postulates. Science 351(6270): 224-226. DOI: 10.1126/science.aad6753.
Ekowati N, Sucianto ET, Muljowati JS, Dewi R. 2009. Uji aktivitas antibiosis beberapa isolat Gliocladium dan Trichoderma terhadap mikrob patogen dengan pH awal fermentasi yang berbeda. Jurnal Inovasi 3(2): 69–77.
Fefiani Y, Barus WA. 2014. Respon pertumbuhan dan produksi tanaman mentimun (Cucumis sativus L.) akibat pemberian pupuk kandang sapi dan pupuk organik padat supernasa. Jurnal Agrium 19(1):
Finch-Savage WE, Bassel GW. 2016. Seed vigour and crop establishment: extending performance beyond adaptation. Journal of Experimental Botany 67(3): 567–591.
Ghazanfar MU, Raza M, Raza W, Qamar MI. 2018. Trichoderma as potential biocontrol agent, its exploitation in agriculture: A review. Plant Protection, 02(03): 109-135.
Gusnawaty HS, Taufik M, Syair, Esmin. 2014. Efektifitas Trichoderma indigenus hasil perbanyakan pada berbagai media dalam mengendalikan penyakit layu Fusarium dan meningkatkan pertumbuhan serta produksi tanaman tomat (Lycopersicum esculentum). Jurnal Agriplus 24 (2):99-110.
Han JS, Cheng JH, Yoon TM, Song J, Rajkarnikar A, Kim WG, Yoo ID, Yang YY, Suh JW. 2012. Biological control agent of common scab disease by antagonistic strain Bacillus sp. sunhua. Journal of Applied Microbiology 99:213–221.
Hardianti AR, Rahayu YS, Asri MT. 2014. Efektivitas waktupemberian Trichoderma harzianum dalam mengatasi serangan layu Fusarium pada tanaman tomat varietas Ratna. Jurnal LenteraBio 3(1):21-25.
Heydari A, Pessarakli M. 2010. A review on biological control of fungal plant pathogens using microbial antagonists. Journal of Biological Sciences 10(4): 273-290.
HinaSaeed, AW. 2017. A review on Cucumber (Cucumis sativus). International Journal of Technical Research & Science 2(vi): 402–405.
Hockberger P. 2000. The discovery of the damaging effect of sunlight on bacteria. Journal of Photochemistry and Photobiology B Biology 58(2-3): 185-191.
Jansch S, Frampton GK, Rombke J, Brink PJVD, Scott-Fordsmand JJ. 2006. Effects of pesticides on soil inverterbrates in model ecosystem and field studies: a review and comparison with laboratory toxicity data. Environmental Toxhicology and Chemistry 25:2490-2501.
Jeger MJ, Viljanen-Rollinson SLH. 2001. The use of the area under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC) to assess quantitative disease resistance in crop cultivars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics 102(1): 32–40.
Lahre SK, Khare N, Lakpale N, Chaliganjewar SD. 2012. Efficacy of bio-agents and organic amendments against Sclerotium rolfsii in chickpea. Journal of Plant Disease Sciences 7 (1): 32-34.
Ling ASC, Kamil MJA, Chong KP, Ho CM. 2017. Assessing the cocoa genotypes for resistance to black pod using the area under the disease-progress curve (AUDPC). Bulgarian Journal of Agricultural Science 23(6): 972–997.
Manurung EM, Tobing MC, Lubis L, Priwiratama H. 2012. Efikasi beberapa formulasi Metarhizium anisopliae terhadap larva Oryctes rhinoceros L. (Coleoptera: Scarabaeidae) di insektarium. Jurnal Online Agrooekoteknologi 1(1): 47-63.
Mishra PK, Khan FN. 2015. Effect of different growth media and physical factors on biomass production of Trichoderma viride. People’s Journal of Scientific Research 8(2):11-16.
Moiwend KY, Aiyen, Madauna IS. 2015. Uji viabilitas benih ketimun (Cucumis sativus L.) hasil perlakuan penyerbukan berbagai serangga. E-Jurnal Agroteknis 3(2):178-186.
Munir S, Jamal Q, Bano K, Sherwani SK, Bokhari TZ, Khan TA, Khan RA, Jabbar A, Anees M. 2013. Biocontrol ability of Trichoderma. International Journal of Agriculture and Crop Sciences 6(18):1246-1252.
Murtiningsih, Suyanti. 2011. Membuat Tepung Umbi dan Variasi Olahannya. PT. AgroMedia Pustaka. Jakarta Selatan. 06 pp.
Muturi EJ, Donthu RK, Fields CJ, Moise IK, Kim C-H. 2017. Effect of pesticides on microbial communities in container aquatic habitats. Sci Rep. 7:44565.
Noordzij M, Dekker FW, Zoccali C, Jager KJ. 2010. Measures of disease frequency: Prevalence and incidence. Nephron Clin Pract 115: c17–c.
Panahian G, Rahnama K, Jafari M. 2012. Mass production of Trichoderma spp. and application. International Research Journal of Applied and Basic Sciences 3 (2): 292–298.
Patil AD, Rathore MS. 2018. Isolation of pythium species from damping off affected onion rhizospheric soil, using baiting technique. Journal of Pharmacognosy and Phytochemistry 7(4):12-13.
Saha A, Mandala P, Dasgupta S, Saha D. 2008. Influence of culture media and environmrntal factors on mycelial growth and sporulation of Lasiodiplodia theobromae (Pat.) Griffon and Maubl. Journal of Environmental Biology 29(3):407-410.
Salman M, Abuamsha R, Barghouti S. 2013. Interaction of Fluorescent Pseudomonads with Pythium ultimum and Rhizoctonia solani in Cucumber Roots. American Journal of Experimental Agriculture, 3(1): 240–251.
Shofiyani A, Budi GP. 2014. Development of Fusarim disease control technology with biological agent in Mas cultivar banana in land infected. AGRITECH 16 (2): 157-173.
Suarni dan Firmansyah I.U. 2005. Beras Jagung; Prosessing dan Kandungan Nutrisi Sebagai Bahan Pangan Pokok. Prosiding Seminar dan Lokakarya Nasional. 393-398.
Suryanti IAP, Ramona Y, Proborini MW. 2013. Isolasi dan indentifikasi jamur penyebab penyakit layu dan antagonisnya pada tanaman kentang yang dibudidayakan di Bedugul, Bali. Jurnal Biologi (2): 37-44.
Sutton JC, Sopher CR, Owen-Going TN, Liu W, Grodzinski B, Hall JC, Benchimol RL. 2006. Etiology and epidemiology of Pythium root rot in hydroponic crops: current knowledge and perspectives. Summa Phytopathologica, 32(4): 307–321.
Tran NH. 2010. Using Trichoderma sp. for biological control of plant pathogens in Vietnam. Journal ISSAAS 16 (1):17-21.
Vinale F, Sivasithamparam K, Ghisalberti EL, Woo SL, Nigro M, Marra R, Lombardi N, Pascale A, Ruocco M, Lanzuise S, Manganiello G, Lorito M. 2014. Trichoderma secondary metabolites active on plants and fungal pathogens. The Open Mycology Journal 8(1):127–139.
Waruwu AAS, Soekarno BPW, Munif A. 2016. Metabolit cendawan endofit tanaman padi sebagai alternatif pengendalian cendawan patogen terbawa benih padi. Jurnal Fitopatologi Indonesia 12(2):53-61.